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For those of a similar name, see.Bobby FischerFull nameRobert James FischerCountryUnited StatesIceland (2005–2008)Born( 1943-03-09)March 9, 1943, USDiedJanuary 17, 2008 (2008-01-17) (aged 64), IcelandTitle(1958)195 (July 1972 )Peak rankingNo. 1 (July 1971)Robert James Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American and the eleventh.
Many consider him to be the.He showed great skill in from an early age; at 13, he won a known as '. At age 14, he became the US Chess Champion, and at 15, he became both the and the youngest for the World Championship.
At age 20, Fischer won the 1963/64 US Championship with 11 wins in 11 games, the only in the history of the tournament. His book, published in 1969, is regarded as essential reading. He won the 1970 Tournament by a record 3½-point margin, and won 20 consecutive games, including two unprecedented 6–0 sweeps, in the. In July 1971, he became the first official.Fischer won the in 1972, defeating of the, in a match held in, Iceland. Publicized as a confrontation between the US and USSR, it attracted more worldwide interest than any chess championship before or since. In 1975, Fischer when an agreement could not be reached with, chess's international governing body, over one of the conditions for the match. Under FIDE rules, this resulted in Soviet GM, who had won the qualifying Candidates' cycle, being named the new world champion by default.After forfeiting his title as World Champion, Fischer became reclusive and sometimes erratic, disappearing from both competitive chess and the public eye.
In 1992, he reemerged to win an unofficial. It was held in, which was under a at the time. His participation led to a conflict with the US government, which warned Fischer that his participation in the match would violate an imposing US.
The US government ultimately issued a warrant for his arrest. After that, Fischer lived his life as an. In 2004, he was arrested in Japan and held for several months for using a passport that had been revoked by the US government. Eventually, he was granted an Icelandic passport and citizenship by a special act of the Icelandic, allowing him to live in Iceland until his death in 2008.Fischer made numerous lasting contributions to chess. In the 1990s, he patented a modified system that added a time increment after each move, now a standard practice in top tournament and match play. He also invented, a new also known as Chess960. Contents.Early years Bobby Fischer was born at in, Illinois, on March 9, 1943.
His birth certificate listed his father as Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, also known as Gerardo Liebscher, a German. His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a US citizen, born in Switzerland; her parents were. Raised in, Regina became a teacher, registered nurse, and later a physician.After graduating from college in her teens, Regina traveled to Germany to visit her brother.
It was there she met geneticist and future winner, who persuaded her to move to to study medicine. She enrolled at, where she met Hans-Gerhardt, whom she married in November 1933. In 1938, Hans-Gerhardt and Regina had a daughter,. The reemergence of anti-Semitism under prompted Regina to go with Joan to, where Regina became an English teacher.
The threat of a German invasion led her and Joan to go to the United States in 1939. Regina and Hans-Gerhardt had separated in Moscow, although they did not officially divorce until 1945.At the time of her son's birth, Regina was homeless and shuttled to different jobs and schools around the country to support her family. She engaged in political activism, and raised both Bobby and Joan as a single parent.In 1949, the family moved to and the following year to, New York City, where she studied for her master's degree in nursing and subsequently began working in that field. Paul Nemenyi as Fischer's father In 2002, Peter Nicholas and Clea Benson of published an investigative report backed by detailed and compelling evidence that indicated that Bobby Fischer's was actually. Nemenyi, a Hungarian and of, was considered an expert in fluid and applied mechanics. Benson and Nicholas continued their work and gathered additional evidence in court records, personal interviews, and even a summary of the FBI investigation written by, which supported their earlier conclusions.Throughout the 1950s, the investigated Regina and her circle for her, as well as her time living in Moscow.
FBI files note that Hans-Gerhardt Fischer never entered the United States, while recording that Nemenyi took a keen interest in Fischer's upbringing. Not only were Regina and Nemenyi reported to have had an affair in 1942, but Nemenyi made monthly child support payments to Regina and paid for Bobby's schooling until his own death in 1952. In addition, Nicholas and Benson found letters by Nemenyi's first son, identifying Bobby Fischer as his brother.Chess beginnings In March 1949, 6-year-old Bobby and his sister Joan learned how to play using the instructions from a set bought at a candy store. When Joan lost interest in chess and Regina did not have time to play, Fischer was left to play many of his first games against himself. When the family vacationed at, that summer, Bobby found a book of old chess games and studied it intensely.In 1950, the family moved to Brooklyn, first to an apartment at the corner of Union Street and Franklin Avenue, and later to a two-bedroom apartment at 560 Lincoln Place.
It was there that 'Fischer soon became so engrossed in the game that Regina feared he was spending too much time alone'. As a result, on November 14, 1950, Regina sent a postcard to the newspaper, seeking to place an ad inquiring whether other children of Bobby's age might be interested in playing chess with him. The paper rejected her ad, because no one could figure out how to classify it, but forwarded her inquiry to, the 'Dean of American Chess', who told her that, former Scottish champion, would be giving a on January 17, 1951. Fischer played in the exhibition. Although he held on for 15 minutes, drawing a crowd of onlookers, he eventually lost to the chess master.One of the spectators was Brooklyn Chess Club President, an American of near master strength and an instructor.
Nigro was so impressed with Fischer's play that he introduced him to the club and began teaching him. Fischer noted of his time with Nigro: 'Mr. Nigro was possibly not the best player in the world, but he was a very good teacher. Meeting him was probably a decisive factor in my going ahead with chess.' William Lombardy and Fischer analyzing, with Jack Collins looking onNigro hosted Fischer's first chess tournament at his home in 1952. In the summer of 1955, Fischer, then 12 years old, joined the.
Fischer's relationship with Nigro lasted until 1956, when Nigro moved away. The Hawthorne Chess Club In June 1956, Fischer began attending the Hawthorne Chess Club, based in master ' home. Collins taught chess to children, and has been described as Fischer's teacher, but Collins himself suggested that he did not actually teach Fischer, and the relationship might be more accurately described as one of mentorship.Fischer played thousands of and offhand games with Collins and other strong players, studied the books in Collins' large chess library, and ate almost as many dinners at Collins' home as his own. Young champion On the tenth national rating list of the (USCF), published on May 20, 1956, Fischer's was 1726, more than 900 points below top-rated (2663).
His playing strength increased rapidly that year. Fischer at 17 playing 23-year-old World Champion in Leipzig,Fischer refused to play in the when his demand to play ahead of Samuel Reshevsky was rejected. Some sources claim that 15-year-old Fischer was unable to arrange leave from attending high school. Fischer later represented the United States on first board at four Men's Chess, winning two individual Silver and one individual Bronze medals: OlympiadIndividual resultPercentageUS team resultPercentage13/18 (Bronze)72.2%Silver72.5%11/17 (Eighth)64.7%Fourth68.1%15/17 (Silver)88.2%Silver68.4%10/13 (Silver)76.9%Fourth67.8%Out of four Men's Chess Olympiads, Fischer scored +40−7=18, for 49/65: 75.4%.
In 1966, Fischer narrowly missed the individual gold medal, scoring 88.23% to World Champion Tigran Petrosian's 88.46%. He played four games more than Petrosian, faced stiffer opposition, and would have won the gold if he had accepted 's draw offer, rather than declining it and suffering his only loss.At the 1962 Varna Olympiad, Fischer predicted that he would defeat Argentinian GM in 25 moves.
Fischer actually did it in 24, becoming the only player to beat Najdorf in the tournament. Ironically, Najdorf lost the game while employing the very opening variation named after him: the.Fischer had planned to play for the US at the, but backed out when he saw the poor playing conditions. Both former World Champion Tigran Petrosian and Belgian-American International Master, the leader of the American team that year, felt that Fischer was justified in not participating in the Olympiad. According to Lombardy, Fischer's non-participation was due to Reshevsky's refusal to yield first board. 1960–61 In 1960, Fischer tied for first place with Soviet star Boris Spassky at the strong Mar del Plata Tournament in Argentina, winning by a two-point margin, scoring 13½/15 (+13−1=1), ahead of David Bronstein.
Fischer lost only to Spassky; this was the start of their lifelong friendship.Fischer experienced the only failure in his competitive career at the Buenos Aires Tournament (1960), finishing with 8½/19 (+3−5=11), far behind winners and Samuel Reshevsky with 13/19. According to Larry Evans, Fischer's first sexual experience was with a girl to whom Evans introduced him during the tournament. Pal Benko says that Fischer did horribly in the tournament 'because he got caught up in women and sex. Afterwards, Fischer said he'd never mix women and chess together, and kept the promise.' Fischer concluded 1960 by winning a small tournament in with 4½/5, and defeating in an exhibition game in West Berlin.In 1961, Fischer started a 16-game match with Reshevsky, split between New York and Los Angeles.
Reshevsky, 32 years Fischer's senior, was considered the favorite, since he had far more match experience and had never lost a set match. After 11 games and a tie score (two wins apiece with seven draws), the match ended prematurely due to a scheduling dispute between Fischer and match organizer and sponsor. Reshevsky was declared the winner, by default, and received the winner's share of the prize fund.Fischer was second in a super-class field, behind only former World Champion Tal, at Bled, 1961.
Yet, Fischer defeated Tal head-to-head for the first time in their individual game, scored 3½/4 against the Soviet contingent, and finished as the only unbeaten player, with 13½/19 (+8−0=11). 1962: success, setback, accusations of collusion Fischer won the 1962 Interzonal by a 2½-point margin, going undefeated, with 17½/22 (+13−0=9). He was the first non-Soviet player to win an Interzonal since FIDE instituted the tournament in 1948. Russian grandmaster said of Fischer:I have discussed Fischer's play with Max Euwe and Gideon Stahlberg.
All of us, experienced 'tournament old-timers', were surprised by Fischer's endgame expertise. When a young player is good at attacking or at combinations, this is understandable, but a faultless endgame technique at the age of 19 is something rare. I can recall only one other player who at that age was equally skillful at endgames –.Fischer's victory made him a favorite for the in. Yet, despite his result in the Interzonal, Fischer only finished fourth out of eight with 14/27 (+8−7=12), far behind Tigran Petrosian (17½/27), and (both 17/27). Tal fell very ill during the tournament, and had to withdraw before completion.
Fischer, a friend of Tal, was the only contestant who visited him in the hospital. Accuses Soviets of collusion. See also:Following his failure in the 1962 Candidates, Fischer asserted in a article, that three of the five Soviet players (Tigran Petrosian, Paul Keres, and Efim Geller) had a prearranged agreement to quickly draw their games against each other in order to conserve their energy for playing against Fischer.
It is generally thought that this accusation is correct. Fischer stated that he would never again participate in a Candidates' tournament, since the format, combined with the alleged, made it impossible for a non-Soviet player to win. Following Fischer's article, in late 1962, voted to implement a radical reform of the playoff system, replacing the Candidates' tournament with a format of one-on-one knockout matches; the format that Fischer would dominate in 1971.Fischer defeated in a summer 1962 exhibition game in for Danish TV.
Later that year, Fischer beat in a team match against Poland in Warsaw.In the 1962/63 US Championship, Fischer lost to in round one. It was his first loss ever in a US Championship. Bisguier was in excellent form, and Fischer caught up to him only at the end. Tied at 7–3, the two met in the final round.
Bisguier stood well in the middlegame, but blundered, handing Fischer his fifth consecutive US championship. Semi-retirement in the mid-1960s Influenced by ill will over the aborted 1961 match against Reshevsky, Fischer declined an invitation to play in the 1963 tournament in Los Angeles, which had a world-class field. He instead played in the Western Open in, which he won with 7½/8.
In August–September 1963, Fischer won the New York State Championship at, with 7/7, his first perfect score, ahead of Arthur Bisguier and.In the 1963/64 US Championship, Fischer achieved his second perfect score, this time against the top-ranked chess players in the country. This result brought Fischer heightened fame, including a profile in magazine. Diagrammed each of the 11 games in its article, 'The Amazing Victory Streak of Bobby Fischer'. Such extensive chess coverage was groundbreaking for the top American sports magazine.
His 11–0 win in the 1963/64 Championship is the only perfect score in the history of the tournament, and one of about ten in high-level chess tournaments ever. And called it 'the most remarkable achievement of this kind'. Fischer recalls: 'Motivated by my lopsided result (11–0!), Dr. Hans Kmoch congratulated Larry Evans (the runner up) on 'winning' the tournament and then he congratulated me on 'winning the exhibition'.' Fischer's 21-move victory against won the brilliancy prize for the tournament. Byrne wrote:The culminating combination is of such depth that, even at the very moment at which I resigned, both grandmasters who were commenting on the play for the spectators in a separate room believed I had a won game!International Master recalled his last round encounter with the undefeated Fischer:Going into the final game I certainly did not expect to upset Fischer.
I hardly knew the opening but played simply, and he went along with the scenario, opting for a N-v-B i.e., Knight vs. Bishop endgame with a minimal edge. In the corridor, Evans said to me, 'Good.
Show him we're not all children.' At adjournment, Saidy saw a way to force a draw, yet 'sealed a different, wrong move', and lost. 'Chess publications around the world wrote of the unparalleled achievement. Only Bent Larsen, always a Fischer detractor, was unimpressed: 'Fischer was playing against children '.Fischer, eligible as US Champion, decided against his participation in the 1964 Amsterdam Interzonal, taking himself out of the, even after FIDE changed the format of the eight-player Candidates Tournament from a to a series of matches, which eliminated the possibility of collusion. Instead, Fischer embarked on a tour of the United States and Canada from February through May, playing a, and giving a lecture in each of more than 40 cities.
He had a 94% winning percentage over more than 2,000 games. Fischer declined an invitation to play for the US in the in. Successful return.
1971Fischer wanted to play in the in Havana in August and September 1965. Since the refused to endorse Fischer's passport as valid for visiting Cuba, he proposed, and the tournament officials and players accepted, a unique arrangement: Fischer played his moves from a room at the, which were then transmitted by to Cuba. Luděk Pachman observed that Fischer 'was handicapped by the longer playing session resulting from the time wasted in transmitting the moves, and that is one reason why he lost to three of his chief rivals.'
The tournament was an 'ordeal' for Fischer, who had to endure eight-hour and sometimes even twelve-hour playing sessions. Despite the handicap, Fischer tied for second through fourth places, with 15/21 (+12−3=6), behind former World Champion Vasily Smyslov, whom Fischer defeated in their individual game. The tournament received extensive media coverage.In December, Fischer won his seventh US Championship (1965), with the score of 8½/11 (+8−2=1), despite losing to Robert Byrne and Reshevsky in the eighth and ninth rounds. Fischer also reconciled with Mrs. Piatigorsky, accepting an invitation to the very strong second (1966) tournament in.
Fischer began disastrously and after eight rounds was tied for last with 3/8. He then staged a strong comeback, scoring 7/8 in the next eight rounds. In the end, World Chess Championship finalist Boris Spassky edged him out by a half point, scoring 11½/18 to Fischer's 11/18 (+7−3=8).Now aged 23, Fischer would win every match or tournament he completed for the rest of his life.Fischer won the US Championship (1966/67) for the eighth and final time, ceding only three draws (+8−0=3), In March–April and August–September, Fischer won strong tournaments at, with 7/9 (+6−1=2), and, with 13½/17 (+12−2=3). In the Philippines, Fischer played nine exhibition games against master opponents, scoring 8½/9. Withdrawal while leading Interzonal Fischer's win in the 1966/67 US Championship qualified him for the next World Championship cycle.At the 1967 Interzonal, held at, Fischer scored 8½ points in the first 10 games, to lead the field. His observance of the Worldwide Church of God's was honored by the organizers, but deprived Fischer of several rest days, which led to a scheduling dispute, causing Fischer to forfeit two games in protest and later withdraw, eliminating himself from the. Communications difficulties with the highly inexperienced local organizers were also a significant factor, since Fischer knew little French and the organizers had very limited English.
No one in Tunisian chess had previous experience running an event of this stature.Since Fischer had completed fewer than half of his scheduled games, all of his results were annulled, meaning players who had played Fischer had those games cancelled, and the scores nullified from the official tournament record. Second semi-retirement In 1968, Fischer won tournaments at, with 11½/13 (+10−0=3), and, with 11/13 (+9−0=4), by large margins. Fischer then stopped playing for the next 18 months, except for a win against Anthony Saidy in a 1969 New York Metropolitan League team match.
That year, Fischer (assisted by grandmaster Larry Evans) released his second book of collected games:, published by Simon & Schuster. The book 'was an immediate success'. 1969–1972: World Champion In 1970, Fischer began a new effort to become World Champion. His dramatic march toward the title made him a household name and made chess front-page news for a time. He won the title in 1972, but forfeited it three years later.Road to the World Championship. Fischer's from his round 3 game against in the 1970 in, GermanyThe 1969 US Championship was also a zonal qualifier, with the top three finishers advancing to the Interzonal.
Fischer, however, had sat out the US Championship because of disagreements about the tournament's format and prize fund. Benko, one of the three qualifiers, agreed to give up his spot in the Interzonal in order to give Fischer another shot at the World Championship; Lombardy, who would have been 'next in line' after Benko, did the same.In 1970 and 1971, Fischer 'dominated his contemporaries to an extent never seen before or since'.Before the Interzonal, in March and April 1970, the world's best players competed in the match in, Yugoslavia, often referred to as 'the Match of the Century'. There was much surprise when Fischer decided to participate.With Evans as his second, Fischer flew to Belgrade with the intention of playing board one for the rest of the world. Danish grandmaster Bent Larsen, however, due to his recent tournament victories, demanded to play instead of Fischer, even though Fischer had the higher.
To the surprise of everyone, Fischer agreed. Although the USSR team eked out a 20½–19½ victory, 'On the top four boards, the Soviets managed to win only one game out of a possible sixteen. Bobby Fischer was the high scorer for his team, with a 3–1 score against Petrosian (two wins and two draws).'
'Fischer left no doubt in anyone's mind that he had put his temporary break from the tournament circuit to good use. Petrosian was almost unrecognizable in the first two games, and by the time he had collected himself, although pressing his opponent, he could do no more than draw the last two games of the four-game set'.After the USSR versus the Rest of the World Match, the unofficial World Championship of Lightning Chess (5-minute games) was held at. 'The Russians figured on teaching Fischer a lesson and on bringing him down a peg or two'. Petrosian and Tal were considered the favorites, but Fischer overwhelmed the super-class field with 19/22 (+17−1=4), far ahead of Tal (14½), Korchnoi (14), Petrosian (13½), and Bronstein (13). Fischer lost only one game (to Korchnoi, who was also the only player to achieve an even score against him in the double ). Fischer 'crushed such blitz kings as Tal, Petrosian and Vasily Smyslov by a clean score'. Tal marveled that, 'During the entire tournament he didn't leave a single pawn!'
, while the other players 'blundered knights and bishops galore'. For Lombardy, who had played many blitz games with Fischer, Fischer's 4½-point margin of victory 'came as a pleasant surprise'. Main article:Fischer heavily disparaged chess as it was currently being played (at the highest levels). As a result, on June 19, 1996, in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Fischer announced and advocated a variant of chess called Fischerandom Chess (later also known as Chess960). The goal of Fischerandom Chess was to ensure that a game between two players is a contest between their understandings of chess, rather than their abilities to prepare opening strategies or memorize opening lines. Legacy Kasparov calls Fischer 'perhaps the most mythologically shrouded figure in chess'.
Some leading players and some of Fischer's biographers have ranked him as the greatest player who ever lived. Other writers have said that he was arguably the greatest player ever, without reaching a definitive conclusion. Wrote, 'Most experts place him the second or third best ever, behind Kasparov but probably ahead of Karpov.' Some grandmasters compared Fischer's play to that of a computer; a player without noticeable weaknesses.Fischer's great rival praised him as 'the greatest genius to have descended from the chess heavens'. American grandmaster Arthur Bisguier wrote 'Robert James Fischer is one of the few people in any sphere of endeavour who has been accorded the accolade of being called a legend in his own time.' Former World Champion Tigran Petrosian stated that Fischer put more time into chess than the entire Soviet team.Biographers David Edmonds and John Eidinow wrote:Faced with Fischer's extraordinary coolness, his opponents sic assurance would begin to disintegrate. A Fischer move, which at first glances looked weak, would be reassessed.
It must have a deep master plan behind it, undetectable by mere mortals (more often than not they were right, it did). The US grandmaster Robert Byrne labeled the phenomenon 'Fischer-fear'. Grandmasters would wilt, their suits would crumple, sweat would glisten on their brows, panic would overwhelm their nervous systems. Errors would creep in. Calculations would go awry. There was talk among grandmasters that Fischer hypnotized his opponents, that he undermined their intellectual powers with a dark, mystic, insidious force.Kasparov wrote that Fischer 'became the detonator of an avalanche of new chess ideas, a revolutionary whose revolution is still in progress'. In January 2009, reigning World Champion described him as 'the greatest chess player who ever lived'.
Serbian grandmaster called Fischer, 'A man without frontiers. He didn't divide the East and the West, he brought them together in their admiration of him.' German grandmaster wrote:Fischer, who had taken the highest crown almost singlehandedly from the mighty, almost invincible Soviet chess empire, shook the whole world, not only the chess world, to its core. He started a chess boom not only in the United States and in the Western hemisphere, but worldwide. Teaching chess or playing chess as a career had truly become a respectable profession. After Bobby, the game was simply not the same.Fischer won the (an award, started in 1967, given to the best chess player, determined through votes from chess media and leading players) for 1970, 1971, and 1972.Fischer was a charter inductee into the US Chess Hall of Fame in Washington, D.C.
After routing Taimanov, Larsen, and Petrosian in 1971, Fischer achieved a then-record of 2785. After beating Spassky by the score 12½–8½ in their 1972 match, his rating dropped to 2780.St.
Louis philanthropist offered a $64,000 Fischer Memorial Prize for any player who could win all nine of their games at the 2009. By the fifth day of the championship, all 24 participants became ineligible for the prize, having drawn or lost at least one game. Head-to-head record versus selected grandmasters (Rapid, blitz and blindfold games not included; listed as +wins −losses =draws.)Players who have been World Champions in boldface. Fischer vs.,; 6th match game, (D59), 1–0;. Fischer called this game his best of the match. Boris Spassky vs.
Fischer, World Chess Championship 1972; 13th match game, Alburt Variation (B04), 0–1;;. Botvinnik called this game 'the highest creative achievement of Fischer'. He resolved a drawish by sacrificing his bishop and trapping his own rook. 'Then five passed pawns struggled with the white rook.
Nothing similar had been seen before in chess.' .; 1st match game, (C95), 1–0;. Fischer's 'fine' victory in his first competitive game in 20 years 'made a great impression on the chess world', although in Kasparov's view, Spassky's play was below the standard of the leading grandmasters of the time.See also. Would you recommend adding another cnc drill. Just before Larsen played Fischer in their individual game, Larsen predicted that he would be victorious, only to find out quite the opposite: 'Once we were well into the tournament, Larsen, and I were engaged in a friendly debate over Fischer's performance.
'Lucky to have 50%!' Quipped Larsen, who went on to say, 'I will spank that baby!'
With wisdom Fridrik supplied a thought for me, 'Watch out the baby doesn't spank you!' At that comment, Larsen waved his hand.
I am in a room with lots of doors and no windows. I open a door (any door, it doesn't matter which one) and I see a long corridor with. I smile meaningfully and I walk calmly toward a new door. I turn the doorknob and I enter.I love looking at things which are inside of things.
It all depends of course on the choice of the medium: a painting within a painting, a movie within a movie, a story within a story, a dream within a dream. When I see something within something else I immediately get the illusion that it has energy in it, as if it became alive.“ But I loved Narcissus because, as he lay on my banks and looked down at me, in the mirror of his eyes I saw ever my own beauty mirrored.” Oscar WildeIf I dyed the mane of a lion blue and presented it as art what would it happen? Animal protection organizations (and my conscience) would accuse me of animal cruelty (and poor taste). And they would be right. But if a character in a story dyes the mane of a lion blue.